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J1 Ik~â€".â€"â€".â€"¢â€"‘_â€"_mâ€"~â€"__â€" ___.‘» tuneful. ,_ W..-” _.___.. wâ€"h‘. BEFORE AND AFTER. The long, long summer twilight Ne’er deepened into dark. With morning’s early tremor Uprose the quiv’riiig lark; A gladuess shook the pine trees And filled the filmy airâ€" It came not to my spirit Though failing everywhere. 0 night ! with shadows linger I My heart all-weary prays. Vainâ€"morning’s gleaming finger Uplifts the curtain’d haze. O lark I tliy skies are ringing With might of earth-born love, 0 lark I give o’er thy singing, Swift flutter from above. The love to Heaven thou tellest, No kindred hath it there, For wild as is its rapture Shall be its dark despair. Thy nest of love is lowly, Where floats sweet flow’rets’ breath; All earthly love awaiteth The mystery of death. Alas! for love that waiteth Its doomâ€"to be bereftâ€" The sure, sad consummation To leave or to be left. Alas ! for love that parteth With wealth of love untold- That loss alone can teach us The value of love’s gold. Such were the thoughts that stirmd me Uiiclieer’d by morning’s breathâ€"- The friend I loved and honored Was on his couch of death. I sought his darkened chamber, Its air was heavenly sweet; I felt an aiigel-pmsence “’hile kneeling at his feet. It cameâ€"the Master's summons. His mail was on his breast, And throiigiiig angels crow ded To hear him to his rest: So soft their pinioiis i'ustled, So calm his spirit fled, They know not lite had parted, Till long he had been dead. Dead ? No l the seraplis welcome The victor from the strife, They crown him with the halo Of never-fading life. 0 : blessed Hope that cheered him, I’ll pray till thou art mine ; O I blessed Faith that reached] To other worlds divine. 9 l blessed Lord that waiteth With fuliiess to be blest; 0 l blessed Heaven that beiideth To welcome us to rest. Sing on ! thou lark that liymiiest The bright’iiiiig skies above. With thee my spirit soaretli Iii ccstacy of love. Tituuiutt. THE MOORISII sowsritiiss’; on, THE FALL OF GRANADA. Tun camp of Ferdinand and Isabella of Arragon spread itself out to a vast cxtcnt before the walls of Granada. Vuinly hoping for suc- cour,aud daily shut in more and more closely, the faint-hearted Boabdil was discouraged. He was bitterly hated by the people,who in mockery called him the Little King, and he found only a momentary confidence in offerings of the most blooodthirsty cruelty. Ever in the degree in which cowardice and despair seized on the inhabitants and army of Gra- nada, faith in victory and delight in battle filled the Spanish camp. There was no need of attack. Fer- dinand contented himself with be- sieging the walls, and repulsing the i‘attacks of the besieged. These little skirmishch appeared more like joy- ous tournaments than severe battles; and after them they collected'the dead, and celebrated their decease with all the pageantry of the church service, as if for holy martyrs. Isabella lived retired in a high wooden building, with many towers, which she had caused to be erected in the midst of the camp, from the summit of which waved the banner of the cross. It was arranged within as a monastery and a church, where the Benedictine nuns daily held di- vine service. The queen, With her followers, accompanied bv her cavalicrs, came each morning to hear the mass, which the confessor said, and the nuns sang together tn the choir. It happeer one morning that Isabella noticed a voice, that, with wonderful bell-like clearness,drown- ed all the others. The song was listened to, as the desponding warb- ler listens to the nightingale, who, princess of the woods, surpasses all the other tribes. And there was something so foreign in the pronoun- ciation, so peculiar in the whole style, that it was evident the singer Was unaccustomei to church music, and perhaps now sang in a mass for the first time in her life. Isa- bella seemed greatly surprised, and observed that her followers were seized with the same astonishment. She at once anticipated that some strange adventure was going on, for the brave General Aguillar, who had joined her train, caught her eye. Kneeling in the oratory, his eyes were fixed upon the choir with an expression of most fervent and intense admiration. AURORA AND R ALEX. SCOTT, Proprietor. ICHMOND HILL ADV “ Let Sound Reason weigh more with us than Popular Opinion.” Vol. III. N0. 41'- As the mass was ended, Isabella nesses of this holy act. went to the chamber of Donna Ma- ria, the prioress, and inquired about the strange singer, ‘ Will you, 0 queen 1’ said Donna Marie, ‘call to mind that for a month past, whilst Donna Aguillar has sought to overthrow the out- works and conquer Granada, the walls, surrounded by .1 magnificent terrace, have served as a place of recreation. Each’night the wanton song of the beaten, from that cutic- ing syren voice, sounded into our camp, and Doug Aguillar was the more zealous therefore to destroy this nest of sin. Already were the works taken, already were the we- men, imprisoned during the battle, carried away, when an unexpected reinforcement, notwithstanding a brave defence, overpowered him. and drove him back into the camp. The enemy ventured not to follow him; therefore the prisoners and all the rich booty remained his. Among the female priscncrs, there was one, whose inconsolable grief, whose despair, excited the atten- tion of Don Aguillar. He ap- proached the veiled one with friendly words, but in her grief she had no speech but music. She took a Cithern, suspended by a golden band from her neck, and played thereon a romance that be- moancd, in licart-rending tones, the separation from her beloved, and from all life’s joys. ‘Aguillar, deeply impressed by the wonderful tones, decided on lending back the prisoners to Gra- nada. She prostrated herselfbefore him, whilst she threw back her veil. Aguillar cried out, ‘Art thou not Zulema, the light of song in Gra- nuda't’ It was, indeed, Zulcma, whom Aguillar had seen when am- bassador at Boabdil’s court, whose wonderful music had sunk deep in his heart. ‘I give you your free. dom,’ said the general. But the worthy Father Agostino Sanchez, who marclied forward, cross in hand, exclaimed, ‘ Rememberest thou, my lord, that when thou set- test this prisoner free, thou doest her great injustice; for thou re- turnest her to idolatry, when, per- haps, with us the grace of God may enlighten her, and she may be re- ceived into the bosom of the Mother Church.’ Aguillar answered, ‘Shc shall remain with us a month, and then, if the Spirit of the Lord pre- vails not with her, she shall return to Granada.’ And so it happened, 0 queen! that Zemula was received into our convent. ‘ At first she yielded entirely to her inconsolab'e grief; but soon wild and mournful music was heard, and then heart-touching romances, which filled the whole convent, and over all, the clear gushings of her bell-like voice. It happened one night, that we sang together in the church, after midnight, the wonder. fully beautiful Ora, which that high master of song, Ferraro, had taught us. In the bright light, I observed Zulema standing in the open door- way of the choir, quiet and thought- ful, gazing upon us with earnest look. As we in couples left the choir, Zulema knelt and sang before an image of the Virgin. Since that day she has sung no romances, but remained still in inward con- templation. Soon she sought to re- cal, upon her deep-toned cithcrn,the chOials which we sang in the church, and then would sing them in a low, gentle voice, seeking to remember the words of our hymns, and pro- nouncing them with strange beauty in her foreign accent. ‘I marked well that the Spirit of the Lord, in mild, confined tones, spoke to her in music, and that her heart was open to His grace.»- Therefore Isent to her the Sister Emanuela, mistress of the choir,that she might fan the glimmering torch to a flame; and thus it happened, that in holy song the faith’of the Church has been eukindled in her. Zulema has not. yet been received through holy baptism into the bosom of the Church ; but we shall permit her to join our choir, and so devote her Wonderful voice to the glory of religion.’ The queen now understood what passed in Aguillar’s mind, when he yielded to Father Agostino’s re- monstrance, and did not send Zule- ma back to Granada, but placed her in the convent, and rejoiced greatly at her conversion to the true faith. In a few days,Zulema was baptised, and took the name of Julia. The queen herself, the Marquis of Cadiz, Henry of Guzman, and the Generals Mendoza and Villcna, were the wit- l l i i RICHMOND HILL, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 1861. have believed that Julia’s would even have risen higher and truer, in proclaimir‘g the glory of her faith; and so it actually hap- pened fora short time. But soon Emanuele. remarked that Julia ofâ€" ten deviated from the choir in a strange manner, introducing foreign toncs. Often suddenly the hollow sound of a deep-toned cithern would break through the choir. The tone was like the resounding of the storm, rushing through its strings. Then Julia would become restless, and it frequently happened that site would introduce a Momisli word into the Latin hymn. Emanuela warned the nOVice steadfastly to withstand the fee; but inconsidcr- atcly Julia heeded this not, and to the anguish of the sisters, often when even the earnest, holy chorals of the old Ferraro were sounding, sang light Moorish love-songs toihe cithern, which she had newly at- tuned. Wonderfully sounded then the tones of the cithcrn, that often rushed through the choir, hiin and loud, similar to the shrill whistling of the little Moorish flute. It happened one day, that the queen.acc0iiipanied by the noble ge- nerals of the camp.went towards the church,to hear as usual the mass.â€"-â€" A miserable tattered beggar lay by the gate, whom the halberdicrs sought to remove, but be half raised himself, then threw himself down, howling, so near the queen that he touched her in his fall. Aguillar sprang angrily before her and kicked the beggar from her path, who turned and half raising his body cried: "Trample on the snake,â€" trample on the snake, and he will sting you, it m ty be to death ;’ then touching the strings of his eithcrn, which was concealed beneath his rags, it sent forth a shrill, wailing, piping sound, that seized all with an unearthly terror, and drove them back. The halbcrdiers removed the loathsome apparition, saying, ‘ The- wretch is a prisoner,a frantic Moor, who, by his mad jokes, and his won- derful cithern-playing, amuses the soldiers in the camp. The queen went off, and the mass began. The sisters in the choir sounded the Sanctus; but as Julia, with powerful voice, burst forth, Plant sunt cali gloria tua (T he Heavens are full of thy glory),therc The Moors did not cease annoy- ing the Spaniards, in manifold ways, during the building of the citv; despair drove them to acts of aston- ishing boldness, and the contest went on more earnestly than ever. One day, Aguillar, with the Spanish outposts, attacked a Moorish squad- ron, and drove them back to the walls of Granada. He turned back with his troops, and halting near the first fortification, in a myrtle wood, sent on his followers, and resigned himself to his earnest thoughts and sad recollections. Julia stood vi- vidly before his mind‘s eye. Often, during the battle, had he heard her voice resounding; now com- plaining, now lamenting,and,evcn at this very moment, it seemed to him that there rustlcd a strange songâ€"â€" half Moorish love-tale, half Chris- tian churchmusicâ€"through the dark myrtles. Then there rushed sud- dcnly forward a Moorish rider, in silver armour, on a light Arabian steed, into the wood, and immedi- ately there whistled a Spear close to Aguillar’s head. He sprang with drawn swm'd upon his foe, as the second spear flew and remained plunged deep in his horse’s breast, which, smarting with pain and an- guish, reared himselfon high,so that Aguiliar, to avoid a heavy fall, was obliged to swing himself quickly from his saddle. The Moor raised himself, and struck with his cies-, cent blade at Aguillar’s uncovered head. But he dexterously parried this death blow, and returned it so powerfully, that the Moor barely saved himself, as he almost fell from the horse. In the same moment, be pressed his horse close upon Aguillar, so‘ that he could not give a second blow, and rising, drew his dagger; but before he could plunge it into his enemy, Aguillar, with giant strength, had seized him, drawn him from his sword, and dashed him ringing to the ground. He knelt upon the Moor’s breast, and, grasping with his left hand his right arm so forcibly that he re- mained motionless, drew his dagger, Already had he raised his arm to plunge it in the Moor’s throat. when he sighed out deeply, ‘Zu- lcmal’ Chilled to a statute, Agu- illar had no power to fulfil his inâ€" tcntion. ‘Wietch !’ exclaimed he, ‘ what wailed through the church a shrill name did you utter'l’ tone from the cithern, and Julia, suddenly closing the book, sought to leave the choir. ‘What wouldst then do 'l’ asked Emanuele. l ‘Strike !’ cried the Moor, ‘you kill one who has sworn death and destruction to you. Yes! know, treacherous Christian, know that it is Hitchem, the last of the race of 'Oh!’ said Julia, ‘hearest thou Alhamat‘, from whom you stole not the mighty tone of the master? Zulema. Know that that tattered there by him, with him, most I beggar, who, with the demeanour singl’ and she turned towards the ofa maniac, hovered around your door. camp, was Hitchem. Know that I ‘Siiiner,’ said Emanuele, with a succeeded, in that gloomy prison in deep and earnest voice, ‘ wouldst which you consigned me to the thou profane the service of the Lord, , light of my own thoughts, In setting that thou takcst His praise upon thy lips, whilst [worldly thoughts are in thy heart? Wouldst thou fly hence 7. Broken is the power of song in thee; silent are the wonderful tones in thy breast, which the Lord en- kindled in thcc 1’ At Emnnucla’s words, as if struck by lightning, Julia sank to the floor. As the nuns were assembled at nightâ€"time to sing the Ora, a thick smoke suddenly filled the whole church. Soon the flames hissed and crackled through the walls of the wing of the building,and reached the convent. With much difficulty the nuns succeeded in saving their lives. Trumpets and horns pealcd through the camp, arousing the soldiers from their first sleep; General Aguillar, with singed hair and half-burnt clothes, left the convent, where he had, vainly sought to rescue the missing Julia, of whom no trace could be found. The soldiers fruit- lessly combattcd against the fire, which, upheaving itself higher and higher, and spreading far and wide, seized upon all within its reach, and in a short. time the whole of Isabel- la’s rich, beautiful camp lay in ashes. The Moors,in full confidence that the misfortunes of the Christi- ans would give them the Victory, ventured with a considerable force upon an attack. But never was there a more brilliant repulse than that of the Spaniards, who, led on by the exhilarating tones of the trumpets, returned crowned with victory to their fortifications, where Quccn Isabella ascended the throne which had been erected in the open air, and gave orders that on the site of the burnt camp at new city should at once he built, thus showing the it on fire, and in rescuing Zulcma.’ ‘ Zulemaâ€"Julia lives l’ cried Aguillar. ‘Yes, she lives !’ said the Moor, with fiend-like scorn, ‘but your bleeding, thorn'crowned idol has with cxecrable magic surrounded her, and all the fragrant, glowing bloom of life is enveloped in the pail of the frantic women that you call the brides of your Deity. Know that all music in her breast,breathed upon by the poisonous breath of the Saminus, is dead All the plea- spre of life is gone from me, with Zulcma’s sweet songs; therefore, kill meâ€"killme, thatl may take no revenge on you. You have al- ready robbed me of more than life.’ Aguillai‘ relaxed his hold upon Hitchem, and raised himself slowly, taking up his sword from the ground. ‘Hiichem,’ said he. ‘Zulema, that in holy baptism has taken the name of Julia, became my captive in honourable, open warfare. En- lightened by the grace of God, she renounced Mahomet's contempiible service, and what you, traitorous Moor, call the bad magic of an idol, was a temptation of the devil, which she could not withstand-«- Do you call Zulema your beloved? So is Julia, converted to the true faith, the mistress of my thoughts and of my heart ; and for the glory of the true faith will I meet you in open battle. Choose your own weapon, and meet me according to your own custom.’ Quickly Hitchcm seized his sword and target, and when Aguillar re- leased his hold, he staggered back, roaring aloud, then threw himself upon his horse, which had remained standing near him, and rode away One would Moors in Granada that the siege at a full gallop. song would never be raised. Aguillar knew not how to under- stand it, but in a moment the wor- thy old mtin. Agostino Sanchec, stood behind him, and said. with a smile, ‘ Did I frighten Hitchem, or the Lord who (lWells in me, and whose love he seems I’ Aguillar repeated to him all that he had heard concerning Julia, and they both recalled the prophetic words of Emanuele, as Julia, sc- duccd by Hitchcm’s cithern, all do- votion dying within her, left the church during the Sanctus. Continually beaten in all the skir- mishes, pressed by daily. hourly increasing famine, the Moors at last found themselves necessitated to ca- pitulaite, and in festive pomp, amid the thunder of the artillery, For- dinand and Isabella marched into Granada. The priests had conse- crated the great mosque as a cathe- dral, and thither marched the troops, to thank the God of Hosts, in the devout Te Deum laudamus of the solemn mass, for the glorious victory over the followers of Mn- liomet, the false prophet. It is im« possible to tell the difficulty of sup- pressing the ever-newly outburst- ing rage of the Moors, and to re- strain thc divisions of troops, who, from the darkest streets, skilfully attacked the already excited pro- cession, as it wound along the main read. As Aguillar, at the head of a di- vision of foot, marched along the highway, towards the Cathedral, where the mass had already com- menced, he felt himself suddenly wounded in the left shoulder by an arrow. At the same moment a band of Moors started from a dusky arcade, and attacked the Christians with despairing rage. IIitchcm, at their head, rusned upon Aguillar, who, but slightly hurt, hardly felt the pain ofhis wound, and dexter- ously parried the powerful blow, at the same time striking Hitchem dead at his feet. The Spaniards pressed franticly on the treacher- ous Moors, who soon fled, shriek- ing,and took shelter in a stone build- ing, whose door they quickly closed. The Spaniards stormed the house, and they rained arrows upon them from the windows. Aguillar or- dered firebrands to be thrown in upon them. Already the flames streamed from the roof, when, above the thunder of the artillery, a wonderful voice sounled from the burning building, Sonatasâ€"Sanc- tss, Dominus Deus Saboath, (Holy, holy, Lord God of Saboath.) ‘Julial Julia !’ cried Aguillar, in inconsolablc anguish. At this moment the door opened, and Julia, in the dress of the Bene- dictine nuns, stepped forth, singing with strong voice, Sanctusw-S'anc- tus, Dominus-Deus Saboath! Be- hind her fOIIOch the Moors, in a bending attitude. with their hands crossed upon their breasts. The Spaniards, astonished, fell back, and between their ranks Julia marched on with the Moors towards the cathedral, singing as she went, Bencdictus quivenit in nominc Doâ€" minic, tBlessed are they who come in the name of the Lord.) Involuntarily, as when an angel descended from Heaven to annouiice the blessings of the Lord, all the people bowed the knee. Stepping quickly, with clear eyes directed to Heaven, Julia stood before the high altar between Ferdinand and Isu- bclla, singing the mass, and perform- ing the holy ceremonies with fervent OCATE AND ADVERTISER. TERMS: $1 50 In Advance. Whole N0. 146. RAT lMMlGRATION. The rapid spread of the rat arises from the fearlessness with which he follows man and his commissariat wherever he goes. The ship leav- ing port for a distant voyage, usu- ally tukes in its complement of rats, as regular as its passengers ; and so these little creatures pass from one country to another, and are distribu» ted over the globe. Then, if some are outward, others are homcward bound. The rat-catcher, to the East India Company, has often do- stroyed as many as five hundred in a ship newly arrived from Calcutta. The genuine ship-rat is a more deli- cate animal than the brown rat, and has so strong a sescmblance to the old Norman breed, that it is suppo- sed thcv are intimately related, The same line, large ear. sharp nose, long tail, dark fur, and small size, charac- terizes both, and alike antipathy ex- ists between them and the Norwegi- an species. It is by no means un- common to find distinct colonies of the two kinds in the same shipâ€"the one confining itself to the stem. and the other, to the stern of the vessel. In former times, rats frequented the knackers’ yards at Montfaucon. If the carcasses of dead horses were thrown, during the day in a corner, the next morning they would be found stripped of their flesh. An old proprietorof one of the slaugh- ter-houses had a certain space en- tirely surrounded by Walls, with holes only large enough for the in- gress and egress of rats. Within this inclosurc he left the carcasses of two or three horses, and when night came, he went quickly with his workmen, stopped up the holes, and then entered the inclosure, With a stick in one hand and a lighted torch in the other. The animals covered the ground so thickly, that a blow struck anywhere did execu- tion. By repeating the process af- ter intervals ofa few days, he killed 16,050 rats in the space ofone month and 2.650 in a single ’ nightâ€"Cas- sell’s ‘ Natural History? HOW A SOLDIER FEELS IN BATTLE. A young French officer thus writes of his first experience in battle 1 ‘ Our officers kept us back, for we were not numerous enough to charge upon the enemy. This was, more- over, most prudent, for this murder- ous fireâ€"~so fatal to the white coats â€"did us but little harm. Our coni- cal balls penetrated their dense mas- ses, while those of the Austrians whistled past our ears and respected our persons. It was the first time I had faced fire, nor Was I the only one, Well I am satisfied with my- self. True, I dodged the first balls, but Henry IV., they say, did the same at the beginning of every bat- tle. It is in fact a physical effect in- dependent of the will. ‘ But, the tribute paid, if you could only feel how each shot elec- trifies you. It is like the whip on a racer‘s legs. The balls whistle past you, turn up the earth around yeti, kill one, wound another, and you hardly notice them. You grow in- toxicatcd, the smeli of gunpowder mounts to year brain. The eye be- comes blood shot, and the look is fix“ ed upon the enemy. There is some- thing of all the passions in that terâ€" rible passion excited in a soldier by the sight of blood and the tumult of battle. ‘ Everybody who has tried it tes- deVOllOfl- AS the last sound 0f thl titles to tlielpeculiur intoxication that Dona uobis plcem (Give us peace) died away, Julia sank fainting in the arms of the queen. All the Moors who followed her, converted to the true faith, were baptised that very day. When the course of time had somewhat softened the memory of these terrible events, the image of the noble and generous Aguillar be- gan gradually to supersede in the heart of Julia that of the impetuous and vindictive Hitchem. No ob- stacle now presented itself to dish union, and some eighteen months after the fall of Granada, the beautiful Moorish songstress became the bride of the faithful and devoted Spaniard. A JOKE BY THE New LORD CHANC‘ “Lemâ€"Somebody is reported to have said to Lord Westbury, on Roundell Palmer’s appointment as Solicitor-General, “I was quite sure Palmerston would not have put anybody ever Atherton’s head.” “Ali,” drawled the new Chancellor, “I was not; aware before that Sir IVilliam Atherton had a head. is produced by being in a battle. There is an infatuating influence about the smell of powder, the shrill whistle of a bullet, and the sight of human blood, that instantly trans- forms men from cowards to heroes â€"=-from women, sometimes, to men- sters. None can tell of the nature or mystery of that influence. but those who have been engaged in the fray themselves.’ A woman to be enviedâ€"The wife of a poor curate writes sighing as follows:â€"-â€" “ I see that the Sultan is always appearing in public With a new Hat. I wonder if the Sultana exercises the same privileges, and can come out as often as she likes with a new bonnet.” No law against taking snutf.â€"â€"A Medi- cal man asked his legal davisor how he could punish a servant who had stolen a canister of Valuable snuff. “I am not: aware of any act,” said the lawyer, “ that makes it: portal to take snufi'.” A Scotch soldier served under General Moore being asked if he met with much hospitality abroad, replied, “Oo’ deed did I, for I was i’ the hospital a’ the tithe.” CONFLICT WITH A 'I‘IGRESS. Whilst Maccoma was going through his performance with the Bengal tigers, at Mander’s Menage- rie, Liverpool, recently, a tigrcss caught his hand in her mouth, Plant- ing his knees on the small of the ii- gress’ back, and pressing her against the bars of the cage, then seizing her lower jaw with the right hand, he held her powerless to do more than retain the left hand in her month. So cool was Maccoma in this trying position, that lockers-on thought it Rim, of his performance; but when accoma called to one of the keep- ers, ‘she has got my hand fast in her mouth; get a bar of hot iron,’ the truth of his dangerous position flashed through the minds of those present. and caused the greatest ex- citement, one lady fainting away, others running from the painful sight. Four or five minutes elapsed before the iron rod Was ready, during which time Maccoma stood as a piece of statuary, not a quiver of lip to show the pain he was enduring. When ready, the hot iron was applied quickly and surely by one of the keepers, to one of the large teeth in the upper jaw, and. as though she had been electrified, her mouth sprang open. Maccoma, quick as lightning, drew his hand away, caught hold of a thick stick, struck the animal a terrific blow on the skull brought her down, and forced her to finish her part of the performance be- fore he left the cage. When Mac- coma came out oftlie cage, his blood- ing hand testified to the frightful struggle which had been going on between man and beast. WHAT A FARMER SHOULD KNOW. Professor Mapes, in the IVorkz'ng Farmer, gives capital advice to the would-be-agriculturist; and it will astonish many innocent people to hear what is necessary to the attain- ment of ‘plow-boy science.’ Hear him: “Merely walking about a farm and handling tools, and performing the ordinary labor of that particular farm, will not enable a student to be- come Versed in agriculture so as to compete with the race of farmers now coming into action. In the first place, he requires at least a good English education. and with it a knowledge of physics, embracing a full appreciation of these natural laws which appear in the investit a- tions of agriculture as a soiencc. The student should know enoughof phy- sics to ensure a clear understanding of all the questions which may arise in practice. He should also know enough of chemistry to read under- standingly the writings of others. He need not be capable of perform~ ing analyses of either soils or plants, but he should comprehend an analy- sis after it is made. He should be capable of conceiving clearly the dif- ferencebetween proximates and their propertie, and primaries and their propertes, so that the functions of each, aslcompared with the other, may be accurately observed by him. Indeed, a certain familiarity with na- tural law is indispensable, and should be acquired before he commences farming operations, even as a student of operative agriculture.’ This, from a man who, without capital to aid him, hired a small farm in New Jirsey, the clear minimum profit of which is now 86,000 a year, is not to be regarded as ‘ chimerical theo- ry,‘ for he states that his convictions on this point are balanced by his ledger. LICE ON CATTLE. One of the troubles of keeping stock is the vermin that oftentimes infests them. And what makes this trouble worse, is the fact that they are more abundant on lean cattle than on fat ones, and, as cattle grow poorer, the more abundant the ver- min become. Some have an idea that fat cattle will not be infested at all with lice, This is a mistake. If you put fat cattle into a lousy burn; that is, into a barn where lousy cat< tle have been kept, they will. get up- on them; for the vermin will live a longtime on the stantials and around the cribs and mangers. These V0l‘~ min infest cattle more while they are housed than when they run out in the summer, and it requires much care and attention to destroy them. Various expedients are resorted to for this purpose. Oils, or grease of any kind, will kill lice whenever it touches them, It will also prevent the nits from hatching, but it. sticks the hair together, collects dirt, and makes the cattle look shabby. A wash of tobacco, boiled in Water, if applied, will kill them, but caution shoule be used in its application. We once knew a fine cow being kill- ed by being washed with a strong decoction of tobacco; and calves are more liable to be killed in this way than any other cattle. It is 'a bad, soppy job to wash them, and in Win- ter cattle will sometimes take cold by the operation. The best applica- tion that we have found for killing these vermin, and also ticks on sheep, is tobaccosmoke. It is dry, cleanly, and perfectly eatenâ€"Alamo Farmer.