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iluRICULTUllAL. Preserving Eggs- A. H, Keane. London, England, 'writes that. a trial shipment of eggs from Victoria, made by the Honorable J. H. Conner, was quite recently inspected by an officer from the department of the Agent-treneral for Victoria in London. \Vith regard to the packing of the eggs they had, in the first place, been rubbed over With grease, and afterward placed with bl‘fln, flour, lime and meal in small cases. This method of pacn- ing has proved itself to be adecided success, for when the cases were opened, the eggs were found to be perfectly fresh and sweet, while there was an entire absence of all muSty eilluvia, or of sweating. The Value of Surface Drains. Immediately after the heavy spring rains many a farmer will see where he ought to have opened ditches last fall. He Will also note the utter uselessness of the little single furrow ditches opened by the plow. FIG. I. FAULTY SURFACE DRAIN. The ridge of earth throwu up on one side prevents the water from entering the fur- row (Fig. 1). It is not only a miserably poor drain on level land, but it is also a ridge and a gully, which shatters machin- ery passing over it. The sensible farmer makes his shallow drains in the form shown in Fig. 2. A machine to do this is shown in Fig. 3. This is a simple, homemade im- plement, but its value for opening shallow drains can hardly be overestimated This drain plow or ditcher is made of two oak planks twelve inches wide, the farther side, as shown in the sketch, runs straight with the pole, while this side sets at an angle with it. The point is shod with iron, and the top is covered with boards firmly nailed on. There is a brace across the centre, under the boards, to stiffen the sides and make the implement stronger. The dotted line shows where it is placed. The driver stands on the boards, and by changing his position can change the char- acter of the drain he is making. By stand- ing near the front he forces the nose of the ditchcr down into the soil and makes a narrow drain. \Vhen following a furrow opened by n plow he stands near the farther or straight side and holds it down to the bottom of the furrow. doing the same as he returns. This makes a drain like that shown in Fig 2, and a barrow follows after, leveling the ridges raised. A skillful oper- ator will soon learn where to throw his weight to make any sort of a. drain desired. The spring rains are not over when cats are sown, and it is advisable to open drains for possible floods that may drown out FIG. ‘2. PROPERLY MADE SURFACE DRAIN. much of the crop. If they are opened with this implement there is no danger of shat- tering harvesting machinery in crossing them. If the soil is likely to wash badly along such drains they should be opened wide, and not less than a foot deep, and heavily sown with grins seed, and then not plowed any more. It is far better to have a strip of grass extending across a cultivat- ed field than to have an impassable gun} cipally to give the horse .1 enter footing permanent meadow than is generally secured. If the land is sown to or pasture these drains should be made at the time of such sowing. No variety of grass is benefited by havmg water cover it for a week. Just before a field is planted to corn, it is a good idea to open these shallow drains along all the low places. I have seen the soil in prime condition and the weather all that could be desired until the corn was planted, and then a. flood came and acres of the corn rotted just for the lack of u. few shallow, open ditches to carry 03‘ the water quickly. It pays to be prepared at all tines for floods. “hen the water has a chance to flow off freely the soil is fit to work a. week to ten days sooner than Where it is compelled to slowly flow over level ground. In fact, a shallow, open ditch is sometimes the difference betweed a good crop and none at all. In an experience extending over twenty-five years, I have not seen more than three or four seasons when the opening of surface drains was labor lost. But I have many a. time seen acres and acres of wheat, oats and corn flooded and drowned out just for the lack of a few such drains. It pays to open them every time a crop is planted, whether it be \ I rm. 3 sum-moi! nnsnv PLOW. winter wheat, grass or corn. And with the implement shown in the sketch, and a smoothing barrow, it can be done quickly. To make a good permanent drain, plow twu furrows four feet apart, throwing the soil outward. Follow with the ditcher, running the nose or prow along the bottom of the furrows. Continue to plow and scrape until the centre is reached. Then if any part of the drain needs to be deeper, plow as befoi e, only nearer the centre of the drain, and scrape out with the ditcher. Run along the outer edge of the ridges thrown up with both plow and ditcher and continue until the edges of the ditch are reached. This will move all the loose soil farther away from the ditch, and also level it down more. Finish leveling with a smoothing board or plank clod crusher. Two men with teams, can quickly open a wide, shallow drain that will remain a drain for years, Unless tilled ny plowing. Cultivating Orchards. By all meme cultivate the soil about the fruit trees, whether they have been recently set more in full bearing. Apple trees that are set forty feet apartrcan have lioed crops raised between the rows for eight or ten yeais afterbeing set, providing the fertility of the 301] is m:iintsined, or rather increas- ed, by the ycaily application of commercial, I or homemade fertilizers. The yearly growth of trees takes considerable fertility from the soil, the older the trees, the great. er the amount required, and with heavy crops of fruit the drain is still greater and the loss of fertility should be made up in some manner, either by direct application or the growth of clover or peas to be plowed under. Many orchards are left in grass for several years. It is thus more pleasant to gather the crops, and the standard fruits which fall are not usually so badly bruised. When in sod, pasturing is far preferable to mowing. The fallen fruit is then eaten by the stock. But the sod affords a breeding place for insects. The most successful fruit growers are those who practice cultivation until the tree comes into bearing, and then do not allow the land to remain in sod more than one year at a time. Of late years the prevalence of insects, fungous and other diseases and pests has made it quite neces~ sary to give the fruit tree as much observa- tion as the stock at pasture. Keeping up with the Farm Work. The successful farmer is the only one who keeps up with his work. In the spring the teams have been driven and engaged in other work that. their shoulders may be hardened and ready for the arduous labor of plowing and similar work. Implements are ready for instant service. The seed grain is all. thoroughly cleaned and put away for seed time. The fences that may have become dilapidated or out of order during the winter, are placed in proper condition so that when stock are turned into the field, they do not have the range of the entire premises. The corn is kept free from weeds, and at haying time work is commenced promptly and the work is pushed also at harvest. The first field of grain for the harvest is cut when hardly ripe, but the juices contained in the straw willfully develop the kernels. The next field is cut at inst the right time, and the harvest is finished before any is lost by Over-ripeness. Thus all the work has pro greased, while an easy-going neighbor on the same sized farm with the same amount of help is always behind with his work, and there is a continual direct and indirect loss from one year’s end to the other. NEW HORSESHOES. Two Novel Ideas Which Were Recently Patented. Some new ideas in horseshoes are shown below. The first consists of a combination of a metallic bass portion made up of two or more sections pivoted together with two free ends tapering as described and a rub- ber shoe vulcanized to the lower or calked surface of the metallic portion, apertures HORSESHOES OF METAL AND RUBBER. in the rubber portion for the reception of the calks nail holes which register with holes in the metallic portions. This com- pound shoe is eapable of adjustment to hoofs of difi'erent sizes. The other consists of a shoe designed prin- TO GET A FIRMER FOOTHOLD. Besides the usual toe-and-heel calks, this shoe is supplied With a plurality of wedge. shaped side calks, which are so placed that it is impossible for foreign matter to lodge between them. French Shepherds on Stilts. On the barren, sandy “Landes” in the south of France, the sheep and pigs do not live in clover, nor does the shepherd fare luxuriously. The people are full of queer notions. They assert that potatoes cause apoplexy. that milk is unhealthy, that wheat bread spoils the stomach, and that onions, garlic and rye bread a. week old, in their country, is the best and most healthy diet. The shepherds walk on stilts, eat on stilts, and if they do not sleep on stilts, they rest on stilts for hours together by ’1 LAXDIES SHEPHERDS‘ AND THEIR FLOC‘KS. means of a. stilt rest. This is a. long, stilt like stick, having a cresceiitic curve at the top to tit the back. Thus with the stilts stretched out to right and left, and this stick in the rear, they are well broocd. The stilt-walkers manage to go through thz- deep and shifting sands at the rate of six or seven miles an hour. The dress of the \shepherd is rough and quaint. He wears r. ‘sheepskin with the wool on, in form of ii loose hooded coat. WHYuisultu SLUMPE‘D SHE PROSPERED SO LONG THAT HER BOOM SWELLED T0 BURSTI‘NG. Buoyed by Hold Digging. Slump, Immigra- llon, and Good (trellil She Got (Tom-ell,- ed and Overalls! Thingsâ€"IS “ontlis Ago Came [he collapseâ€"Now She Is Reru- pcrullng. Ect nomists and theorists of every kind and in every place have been searching for the reason of the remarkable collapse. the commercial, financial, and general disaster, which overtook and almost overwhelmed Anstraliaa year and a half ago, and many and ingenious have been the explanations offered. The tremendous slump which occurred in this country was perhaps the most remarkable of economic events in became inadequate. Gorgeous new markets were promptly built large enough for a city at least twice Melbourne’s present size. The expenditures were so great that mer- chants cannot now afford to pay the rents required to meet the interest on the money spent in building the markets. There seem- THE SMALL-WK AT CHICAGO. Why the Disrase Was Enid-lad " Fasten on the Cliyâ€"(‘urelessnois In Regard to Vaccination. It is apt to strike most people thee Chi- ed to be a fever abroad that blinded people cago takes a long time to stamp out the to what they now see was the simple logic of the way they were doing things. The fever seems to have passed now, but it has left a terrible weakness behind, anl it will take Australiaa long time torecover from what was for so longthe especial folly of the country, the folly of “overdoing things.” During last year every colony suf- fered a decrease of revonue,snd the popula- tion had asniailerincrease than in any year since the development of the country began. Thousands of people have left the colonies, and in some there has been a practcal loss of population. There are still many thous- ands of unemployed, and the prospects for the coming antipodeanwinter are nor bright But it is believed the worst is past. There has been a return to commonsense principles, and Australians are hopefully looking forward to a speedy return of recent times. From the time of the first rush of the gold-seekers to this continent until two years ago, clear up to the moment of the collapse, the country has been regarded, at least by the British people, as a veritable commercial and social Utopia. The manner in which some of the greatest econ- omic problems 0f the times and the most difficult sociologic questions were taken up by the colonialgoveriiments and the people, and apparently set in the line of solution and settlement off hand, was nsource of wonder and admiration, and England was wont to regard her Australian colonies as marvels of rapid yet perfectly sound de- velopment. When the sudden crash and collapse came, which shook the whole fabric of the colonies to the foundations, and brought such almost universal con- ditions of ruin, not only England, but the whole world was astounded. In the past year or so Australia has been more than ever prominent, but it has been principally because of her broken banks, her armies of unemployed, her decreasing revenues and her diminishing population. The searchers for explanations of the col. lapse have mostly been led astray by its magnitude to imagine that the causes have been intricate and manifold, and Austral- ians have read with melancholy amusement the learned disquisitions on the economies of the situation which have reached them from the press of the world. The real explanation is simple enough, and it is frankly offered by the Argus of Melbourne, after a mournpr survey of the state of chairs to-day and a. look back over the course of events of the past few years. Australia simply “ overdid it.” This has been the especial folly of the Australians, in every one of the colonies. They “over- did it” as individuals, as commercial con- cerns, and as communities. The big man- sions of the cities, built fit for princes, are standing empty. Tneir former owners “ overdid it,” and are now living in frame houses in the less fashionable quarters. The banks over-borrowed, the companies over-constructed, the. Government over- estimated. snd the country overresched it self. That to borrow moneyf or the develop- ment of the new country was good policy needed no demonstration. The country’s credit was excellent, and loans were easily obtained. But it was overdone. The Government and individual enthusiasts flooded the country with loans, and the country is now struggling hard to pay the interest on an excessive importation of capital. Australians thought one of their world- missions was to show how irrigation would make their arid deserts blossom as the rose. Irrigation was a geod thing, undoubtedly, But they overdid it. The Governments took up the subject with reckess enthusiasm and set out “to do in a year what could only be done ina generation, and to achieve in a generation, what could only be accom- plished in a century.” Borrowed money was lavishly spent in vast irrigation works and the whole area of arid Australia was taken in hand at once. Works were pro- jected and begun that might possibly be made profitable when the population doubled or quadrupled. There was an expensivehsste followed by disappointment and heavy loss. The farmers had to pay tnxesfor irrigation before there was any prospects of benefit from the schemes. Then the water trusts found themselves unable to meet their obligations, and the collapse came. The people, as individuals, overdid everything. They 'jumped into every new scheme With an enthusiasm which unfailingly swamped them. There was a. silver mining craze, and everybody wanted shares in mines. The market for the scrip went up to an enormous figure of purely artifical value. Everyshare was thought to represent a fortune. But the inevitable slump came. Then real estate became the universal craze, and every one who had money invest- ed it inland. Values wei‘einflated tremend- ously, and in this craze the working people were perhaps more involved than in any other. Of course the inevitable col- lapse came here, too, and many thousands of Australian artisans are dearly paying the piper now. The cities overdid it as badas did the generalgovernments and the individ- uals. Docks and wharves were builtvhere ihat would accommodate the whole coin. iiierce of Australia, and dry docks big enough for a. navy. If in fifty years suffi- cient commerce developed in this port to find use for the accommodation already provided. it Would be a notable growth. Millions of money Were spent providing for a superb future, and the necessity of pro- vision for meeting present requirements of interest on the money thus spent. was over- looked. Heavy taritf and port charges were imposed, but no one seemed to see the inconsistency of providing splendid accom- modation for commerce and then taxing commerce so high it would not come to the ort. p Melbourne became unique on account of its tarit‘land its shippng accommodations. b‘orh matters were smily overdone. Every. thins about the city was considered and handled on the some grand scale. Plans for sewerage for the city were made. based on the idea that the population of the city Would be doubled in a tieclule or so. It Was overdone. prosperity. But it is pretty certain they Want no more bopms. â€"â€"â€"-+â€"â€"â€"â€" AUSTRALIAN CHEESE. "or Initial Shipment has Reached London and is Desoribcd as Excellent Canadian producers and exporters of cheese will note with some interest that Victoria, one of the Australian colonies, is now reaching outfor a share of the British demand for that staple. Her initial ship- ment, some fourteen hundred cases, has reached London and been sold at prices quite on a par with, in some cases above. thoseruling forCanadiau. Thequslityand condition are describel as excellent. Of course, being new chee’se and arriving at a time ofyenr when the stock of Canadian on the market was run low, it would have ad- vantages, aside from its merits, that it would not have later in the season. Vic- toria is no lsggard in trade, as she has shown by the rapid development of her but- ter exports to Great Britain, where she had strong competition and conservative ideas to make head against. Now that her ex- port trade in butter can stand on its own legs, the Government has turned its attention to fostering an export trade in cheese. The butter bounty is with- drawn, and instead of it a bounty of 65. per cwt. is allowed on all cheese sold abroad at a figure above 50s. Several new factories have been started, and it looks as if the colony would soon be a lively compet- itor of other cheese-exporting countries. The fact that its make will come earlier on the market than Canadian or United States cheese must count in its favor. Whether it proves to be better or worse. more or less Smallâ€"pox, The reason is, according to an accusation of the Evening Post of that city, that isolation is far from strictly enforced. Plumbers and other workmen are allowed in and out to do odd jobs at the pest-house, and precautions are not always taken to have them change or fumigate the clothes they work in. Some of these men, boarders and lodgers in crowded houses, have been stricken with the disease, and each of their cases becomes a new centre of infection. Thus it was that the disease was enabled to fasten on the west side, where its pro- gress has been assisted by the pains taken by family physicians to prevent the city authorities from learning what was the matter with their patients. The reason for this care was the loathing that patienm have of the pestâ€"house, which appears to be an abominable place. Health officers ne< glcet their duty, and new cases multiply under their perfunctory inspection. Even in regard to vaccination there has been great carelessness. In these circumstances it is alarming, though not surprising, that small- pox is on the increase. A great and usually healthy eity lzke Chicago might be ex- pected to make short work of the dis- ease in its incipient stage. The city as Vital point in the commercial and railway system of the country. From such a centre the plague might be easily radiated in all directions over the continent, if prompt and effective measures for its repression were not resorted to. Times are not too bright in Chicago. It is likely [0 be the centre of the coal famine, which the great strike at the mines is rapidly bringing about. Two of the building trades have been medi- tating a. strike, and it looks as if another railway strike were impending. Neither the present situation nor the immediate prospect of industry in Chicago is cheering In such circumstances a. considerable out- ward movement of labor is to be expected. People out of employment will leave Chicago to seek work elsewhere. Among the idle ones there can hardly fail to be a consider- able number of the many Canadians who live in that city. Some of these may make their way homeward. It is, therefore, of the greatest importance to this country that Chicago should confine the small-pox to strictly-guarded limits. The Common- weal army, which draws a contingent from Chicago, in dreaded in the United States on account of the danger that it will spread the small-pox over the whole coun- try. New York dealt much more promptly with the small-pox than Chicago has done. ~â€"â€"+â€" A Munificent Giver. ‘ ~._._. 'lh: market accommodation lvery fuzzyâ€"except on her upper lip.” saleable than the makes that are now im- ported into England, it is pretty certain In her warm admiration of the Anglican ultimately to pull down the price. Canada Church the Baroness Burdett-Coutta has has won a reputation and is foremost place founded the Bishoprics of Adelaide in Aus- for its cheese in the British market. in the trails, British Columbia in North America, face of keen competition, by sheer supe- and Cape Town in South Africa. Her con- riority, and will have to depend on the same tributions to one of these Dioceses were title to hold her advantage against all com- £15,000 for the Bishopric, and £35,000 ers. She can keep herself from being dis- toward the support of the clergy, making I placed if she cannot prevent prices descend- sum equal to a quarter‘oi a million dOllars. ing. This is exclusive of other large and liberal gifts to other sections of the Colonial British Church. â€"â€"_..____. The English Coal Barons. But she has been equally liberal in asâ€" The ’Eggi‘egal’e gm” rental 0f the 003‘ sisting the Work of the Church of England miners in England and Wales only amounts M home. At, cat-11,19, she erected a, hand. to £3,601,836 for the year? 1889. or about 8 some edifice, seating about 700 people, to Per cent- 0f the Selling Pnee 8‘” the Plane8 0f accommodate a congregation formerly wor- production. It has been asserted that these shipping in a. disused warehouse; and at rentals “'9 3’05313’ under‘ml‘md in certain W estminster, the Church of St. Stephen’s, of the north country mines ; but;accepting with all its adjuncts of schools and insti- the Government returns as approximately tube, was put, up entirely at her own cost, Correct, the amount WhiCh goes ‘0 the land' and stands as a lasting monument, not only owners in the shape of dead rent, royalties. of her generosity, but also of her practical and Way leaves, 15. at the lowest computer forethought for all the needs of the congre- tion, 15 per cent. of the selling price at the gagion, young and 01¢ The buildings wera place of production. In his evidence before Commenced in 1547, and the consecration the Royal Commission, Sir Lowthian Bell took place in 1350, The actual cost was stated that the royalty alone on iron are close upon £100,000, From then till now, amounts to 10 per cent. of the gross price of the Baroness has entirely supplied the the manufactured article, and he added workiugvexpemes, no small item When one “la-t, in the Present dePNSS’ed Eta-t6 0f the considers the manifold branches emanating iron trade» if: was entirely impossible 30‘? from this centre of active Christianity. only to make‘BnY Proms: b‘“ eve“ ‘0 PAY Nowants are overlooked; from the tiniest working expenses. toddler in the infant-class to thegray-haired Numerous pr00f8 of this Statement might worshiper at the beautiful services, some be given, but I will content myself with organization embraces their needs. Clubs, one instance only, that of the Barrow Hem- guilds, classes, friendly societies, district abite Steel Company. “ 1t l1!“ 6- Shal‘e visiting, etc., are all in active operation, capital." writes MP. Morrison DaNidSOB, and. in addition, a Self-help Club, which “0f £2,000.000- For years “00 a. penny WG-3 deserves more than passing mention Es- Paid in dividends3- Three Home Lords - tablished at a. comparatively recent date on Devolishil‘e. BUCCleUCh, End Muncaflerâ€" ctr-operative principles, it can now show a divide between them both the site of the working capital of upwards of £2,000. Of' town and the minerals under and around it. the success of the schools it is impossible They receive from the company as their to give an adequate idea, for facts and dues, £126,000 per annuui, while the num- figures fail to convey athorough grasp 0f the crane “hunds ” who sweltor at the furnaces real benefit conferred upon, literally, thousâ€" have.to Content themselves with an aggre- ands of a, rising generation. Upwards of Rate 05 £63,030 3 Yefir- 1“ addition to this. fifteen thousand boys and girls have, in the “hands ” pay the MEGS, While the three these schools, been properly trained for their aristocratic Brahmins get off sect-free.” future position in the world. Eastern Metal Work. ‘.. The 1 IPSt DePby' It is one of the unexplained mysteries o The first race for the English Derby Was Asia that the achievements of its best metal run on Thursday, May 4. 1780. and the workers, so long as their work is useless, conditions were thus set forth on the card: should be completely beyond rivalry. We ~“le Derby Stakes 0f fifty guineas each- eaii understand this as regards the setting h- ft». by three-year-oldscolts 33h, fillies of precious stones, for, as we once said be- 7st. 11 lb. The last mile of the course. ” fore, manv years ago, the instinct of a The subscribers numbered thirty-six. nine Southern Asiatic living in wonderful suiii of these came to the post. and victory.’ light, is to blend the lrightcolors he Works rested with Sir Charles Bunbui‘ys, Diomcdr in till they do not hurt the eye. Conse- who started first favorite at six to four- :quently the enanieler of Jeypore, though against. TWO years latel‘ 3' further COHdl‘ he uses flakes of ruby and emerald,produces- tion was added. to the elliect that the a surface which looks, even in sunlight, second should receive £l00 out of the absolutely cool. stakes. Since the first racetherehave been But what, helps him or a. Japanese, or several alterations in the conditions. In even a Turk, if a Sultana, has given the. 1833 the day of the race was altered per' order to make a. gold or silver ornament inanently to Wednesday, having pi‘cViously which the West can only gaze at in defeated been iun on Thursday, except in 1796. iidiiiii‘utinn, is stills. problem not completeâ€" I’robably the crowd whowitnessctl the first 1y solved, The Asintic does not know Derby in 1750 was not one-thousandth part anything particular about gold and silver ; the size of that which foreguthers on Epsom he has no tools except piucers and a ham- DOWIXE tO-da)’ ; and it is soml‘WhBt interest mer: and he has not the power of producing in; to learn that in lS‘Ztiâ€"forty-six yours intense heat, yet he will do things with the after the race was establishedmthe number "mulls which his European brother cannot 0f SPOOYMN‘S W35 eSlimfl'fid “'5 50$“). In do with all his appliances unil skill. these days anything like a proper estimate No doubt, if he is nhererlitui-y workman, is. of course, quite out of the question, but, something Ins passed into his fingers which it is more Yhan likely that during the lust cannot be acquired by i). new competitor, decade the people present on the Derby day and he his the advantage of remembering have been nearer 1.009.990 than 590,000. patterns originally designed by the men of genius, who arc :tpt, at intri‘vals perhaps of centuries, to crop up in the artist families: but is that ilie whole matter? “'6 doubt it gieaily and believe that thch is im Asiiitic “taste,” or instinct. for tho bcnuti. ful, which is as true in its way us the instinct of Athenian sculptor or ll'loicntiuc Awicldcr ol the brush â€"â€"â€"â€"‘"'-‘_â€"â€" Injustice. Mr. RiclifelltJâ€"”\Vhat a. plexiou Miss Beauti has i” Rival Belleâ€"“You do really. Mr. llit-hfello. peachy com- her inju ice, Her face isn‘t so v\.