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I. - ‘ s 7% gm. (firsflfir..~ .. . fir”. ‘7‘"‘W’:?‘?W2Wu 4. "up..wa ,.. . \Z ,â€" rat.â€" =_..â€". ‘ I" r" A“va HINTS FOR l TH E FARMER. BREEDING AND CARE OF HORSES. The first thing of importance is to have the rigliI kind of stock from which to breed. If you are thinking of turning your attention to breetlj‘ ing horses, you should inform your- self as thoroughly as possible, con- cerning the requirements of the mar- ket upon which you must depend when you have anything to sell. differ in different localities. There are ways some sections of the country in which the majority of the horses rais- ed are of the heavy draft type, rang- ing in Weight from: 1500 to 1800 lbs. In other sections the coach horse, weighing from 1200 to 1400 lbs, will be most frequently found, while in still different sections, the lighter weights suited to light driving will be found to predominate. found it advantageous for farmers of any given section to work as nearly as possible along the same lines. If‘ you are living in a community which has a reputation for producing a su- perior uality of heavy draft horses, dealers who handle that kind of stock will‘ know where you are, and your heavy horses are ready for mar- ket you will have no trouble to find a purchaser. 0n the other hand, if in such a community you have alight weight roadster to sell you must de- pend upon disposing of him to youri local liveryman or someone else of your own community. Another thing is your own individ- ual taste. All other things being equal, the stockman will always suc- beed best with the kind of stock he likes best, and as most farmers who raise horses to sell must depend on doing much of their farm work with the yolung animals that are not yet sufficiently developed to place upon the market, it is especially important that their own tastes are satisfied as “nearly as the character of the mar- ket they depend on will permit. Never raise stock from either sire or dam that is unsound, unless as is sometime the case, the uns'oundness results from , accident and therefore not constitu- tional. In selecting your brood mares see first of all that they are sound, , and to this I would add of good disposition. The size must be govern- ed oy the purpose for which the stock -raised is intended. Select animals of good form and style. The heaviest draft horse, even, will sell very mluch better if he has good style and ac- tion. Select animals with round body, deep chest, short; back, strong loin, high Withers. arched neck, small head, slender and mediumâ€"sized ear, prom- inent eye of brown color and wide nostril. The legs should be strong and well proportioned, muscular as‘ they approach the body, and bony and flat from knee to postern. Avoid a flat foot. The bottom of the foot should be well arched and provided with a large frog. TO PREVENT BEES FROM ROBBING Bees frequently do great damage to themselves and other colonies by rob- bing. The ,worst cases of this gener- ally occur just after the close of the honey flow in spring. Bees seldom at- tempt to pilfer and steal during a honey flow, but when they become idle they are almOst certain to find any colony that is not in condition to defend its stores, and will carry off all the honey that the tains. There Is not only danger of the loss Of the colony being robbed, but the bees become so enthused in the business that they are liable to fall on any colony and either overpow- er it sufficiently" to secure its honey, or produce such a fight that large numbers are killed. 11 we are particular to have eVery colony in proper condition . never be troubled with robbers, for it surely begins from the colonies being very weak, or having no queens. The latter is usually the principal cause of robbing, and this we can easily pre- veiit by keeping every colony supplied with a queen, or if queens are not at hand, we can give these quoenless DOlODleS, a frame of brood from some other colony, which will keep them in good shape until they. rear a queen ': of their own At the close of the honey harvest after which swarming, many colonies will be found without queens, from the fact that only a per cent of vir- gin queens become. fertilized and get i» ,ck to their hives properly, and turn out to be good queens. “"13 should thoroughly inspect each colony at this period, and find those that have no queens, and supply them u once; if this has been done care- This will. I mention : this for the reason that I have always ' when ' hive conâ€" i we will , ifully. we will experience little trou- ble with robbing. If .1 colony is found I being iobbed, it should be checked ini- : [he _rnediatcly, and perhaps easiest mend qumkcst method is to throw a ‘large blanket over the entire hive, thus completely cowring it up. Donut tie the blanket tightly around the hive. but throw loosely over it so the bees will have necessary ventilation. 1 GOOD AND BAD l’l'l"l‘l.\'G COLLARS. ‘ livery horseman knows Well the val- ue of a perfect fitting collar to lhe horse‘s neck and shoulders, and every horseman also knows the annoyance, irritation, and torture to the horse, to say nothing about spoiling an other- wise good disposition, or making a bulky horse of the naturally true ptil- ler, by a collar that is too long, too wide, and not adapted to the form of the shoulder. The harness horse does his work "from the shoulder." and certainly everyiiody will concede that for the comfort of the animal, and value to its owner, it deserves a perfect fitting collar, and that noth- ; ing short of perfect adaptation of the collar to the shoulders and neck Will ibe satisfactory to either horse or driver. , Every horseman knows that not one collar in one hundred in daily use is in perfect fit; many will do, but a ,large majority of them are too wide ifor the neck, and not adapted to the {shoulders Every horse should have |his own collar to be able to do: his :work with comfort, and every collar should be fitted to the horse that is ‘expected to wear it. If the collar is too long it should be out off at the i'top; but if too wide and not adapted ito the shoulders of the horse, don’t ,think that you must get a pad to fill lin the space. Pads to the horse‘s shoulders in summer are about what overshoes wuuld be to our feetâ€"makes ,them tender and soft instead of firm ; and tough. , Select the style and length of col- ,lar best adapted to the work to be performed, and whether a new or Old lcollar, soak it in water over night i . gbet‘ore fitting it to the horse. \Vhen lready‘ to put it on, wipe off the sur- plus water from the coll r. put it on and adjust the homes at the top and and bottom, so as to bring the collar to the neck snugly its entire width. and adjust the hames at the top close at the bottom, nor vice versa; but a close fit to the sides of the neck, so that the collar will sit firm- ly and not slide from side to side over the shoulders, but as nearly immov- able as possible sidewise. \Vhen the collar is soaked thoroughly it can be brought to the sides of the horse‘s neck perfectly; but when the collar is dry and stiff this cannot be done with any degree of satisfaction. “'hen the wet collar has been fitted to the horse‘s neck, with the hameâ€"tugs draught at the proper place, neither too high nbr too low, then work the horse in this wet collar at mod- erate dra'iight until the collar is dry and a perfect fit can be obtained. There is no other way in which it can be done perfectly, and we should never be satisfied with anything short of an absolute fit of the collar to both sides of the neck and the form of the shoulders. + \VHAT CAN B15 DUNE \VITH AN ' EGG. Not a few uses are found for the egg besides serving it for food. livery house-keeper should knou its many i ‘valunble- merits and thereby be able :to save. herself much annoyance and i trouble. hon” example, the white of a raw ,evgg mikes a most satisfactory paste, 'alnii fir bounc- thiiigs is [utter than any prepared mttciliige or piste one can buy. Dip into the white of an egg the pipers intended for covers to tumbleirs of jrilly or jim, amt they 1 will lrrli not only securely, but will be iir tight. In making mustard ptistev's 111.5. in ‘lhc. \\hile of -l.l.l egg, and there »\lll be. nu danger of burning the [it“h. Ilia white slkin. that llllCi~ the .‘lL'li t1 uni. egg L .i l.‘ .u.i ig iplln'adoii fui‘y‘ a b >il. it is t‘llllllfil knit a ran egg inuull -.-\\’i-i.l ;lL one: when .1 fish bone is mugâ€"ht iit th llL:‘.n|t will ii~l.nlg-e the bane. A better tournl)‘. h_i\\e\er, i< to fill the mouth uithttvreail cru~i innit :\\.lllit\\' wi-hi-ui t'll.'\Villg any i mime. thin necessary. lloarseniss is ,ofien l" ligvel llyl-Llilll‘g the “hiteof ;:in egg [hit is \\'.il butter! with loaf "sugar anil lll:\ juice of one lemon. l Besides s.~:ving to in.ke (' iffve (‘i‘J‘ .in egg beaten up with the unl~ iA fore they ire pur izitil the \\ iii-.r “ill act as a goal ionic. 'lo iprevent itiflinim-itiui in a severe burn or >t'-ll.l. .ipply the white of an egg. l‘hi: c in '0 line quckly. and will :vlire ill-J ~iiir;i.ig iinmmiiitely. Sonic prupie h ive difficulty in Lik- ing ll. raw e-cg when prescribel by a lilocior. Break the egg into a cup. rBe careful not to break the yolk. Grate upin it a little nu‘ineg. add a few drops of l-nion juice. some chopâ€" ped parsliy. a lli'il-f‘ salt and a dash of pepper. This will mike the egg so pilitable that it will not seem an all like medicine. l , Hall. ii i innit ill? nwnnl FAMOUS TOR-N DOWN. 'l'llr (II-lglnul liillliri- Dues From IlilII‘!‘ '- --l'rniou ltvl‘ni-m In lluropo. "Old llaih-y,” the most famous pri- erl in England, and second only to ill“ Bisiil; of l’.tri.s for historical signiiicdncn, is ab rut to b: demolish- bid. “10 grim sentinel which has stood in the (‘Vll love 1's mutropilis as a warning to for iic.ii;ly GUU years “[11 SUN) be seen no more. Many whOse interest is only antiquarian willhcar this with regret, for the Old llailey is among the few bonds which tie us to ancient London. Antiquity has swallowed up the earliest records of the old Sessions Housc.’ This much is known: In 1356 Joihii Cambridge, f.shmongcr and Chttmbei‘liin of London, was granted the site upon Houndsditch, between Lulp'ite and Ncwgztte, for :1 Oman of Justice. Such may have beenthe foundation of the Old Bailey; its original use-s being similar to those of the present Gull lhall. SCENE OE "BARNABY RUDGE." rein timing The original structure was destroy- ed in 1773 and a courthouse erect- ed on the site. This was also des- troyed in the "N0 Popery"; riots of 1780, as readers of "Barnaby Budge" will remember. The plice was re- built and enlarged in 1890 by the ad- dition of the site of the old Surgeons' So the Old Bailey, as London- ers know it, is nearly 100 yean old. Age cannot compensate for the fact that it is one of the most desolate- looking buildings in London. Perhaps it serves its purpose, and, according to a familiar saying, has prevented more crime than any other moral agency in the world. The noble building which is to take the place of the demolished Sessions House will make a noteworthy addi- tion to the architectural features of London. But those whose duties will lead them inside the new Courts are destined to reap the more substan- tial benefit. Designed after the ar- rangement of the Four Courts at Dublin, the courts of the new Old Bailey will open on to a spacious cen- tral hall. At the same time more thought will be taken. for the majesty of the law. The Judges, including the Recorder and Common Sergeant, will no long- er have to thread their ways through the common pigsages, a nuisance about which London lawyers have complained for years. BUlL'I‘ BY DICK \VHITTINGTON. Old Bailey has been described as massive, dark and solemn, arresting the eye, and holding it. Tourists from all lands placed the famous place on. their list of sights while visiting the metropolis. A stranger in the city would fixonitataglance, for it was one of the half dozen buildings in that wilderness of brick and mor- tar which had a character. Of all the London prisons, except the Tow- eir, it had the most imposing aspect. The original structure was erected by Henry I. It was a miserable dun- geon, merely a few cells over one of the gates of the city, which soon grew beyond it and left the “gate” standing .in the heart of the city. Dicik \Vhittington,’ known to every English speaking schoolboy ll]: world over, rebuilt theprison, under an not granted by Henry VL, and called it Newgate, with that striking want of originalin with which the majority of London streets and buildings have been namel. The famwus Miyor, who owed all his prosperity to .tcat, left all his property for benevolent purposes, and uni-ting other specifiâ€" cations provided a fund for indigent prisoners, the interest on which was uswl for several hundred years. Dick \\'hii1ingtiui's Xeugate was the. com- m. n j.il for the County of .\ll.ldlesex. lt stood on the north side of New- gate street. The elifice was of an ornamental style, similar to a trium- ph l entrance to a c.tpital. crowned \\llll battlcments and tower: and adorned \iiih statues, having a wide arch in the center fur carriages. this ciiifice was destroyed by the great fire of liltili. \\ hich burned three square niil_s of wooden houses, some 1.1000 in all, together With property v luad‘at $iU.UUU.UUU. It was rebuilt in 1672. AN H15 l‘ORIC DOCK. "l'hvir name is legion)” might \vell b3 siil of the celebrated criminals \\lit‘- have heard their fate in that historic (luCk. Among political of- fenders sentenced at the Old Bailey p‘rh:ps the regicizles are the most memorable. One of the 21 pris- oners arraigned in l650 twelve were executed, w.hile seven paid for their LONDON PRISON TO BE pirt inithe execution of Charles l. by lift-lung: A tragic opisule in the history of the Oil Bzilny was the thr Court by the jiil fever during the Eowsl‘ vns of Miy, 1730. ‘lhe fever obtaian such .1 h id in the neigh- lniing prison [hit it forced a way into lllt‘ Court, causing the death (if the Judge of the Ciminon Pleas. Sir Thom-is Abney, Baroin Clark, tir- Lir-ril Mayor and several members of the bir .in l of the jury. I ' Thu-si- pligiics “(we directly conse- quent to ill“ lax sanitary laws. Lit- 1’1 - was kirrwn 0f thn art of artificial leililitnun. 'lliu prisons were filthy throughvut. 'lhexri- were no baths fini- the primncrs; often insufficient spice for lll‘ll’l to sleep. imprisonment. invasion (if Jail fever was prevaluit up to a comparatively recent period. The historian How- mide a study of English pliisons .l[ the time the great Dr. Samuel Johnson was holding forth in Ijrrlllllom. writes that from his own ob- servation h-. was convinced that in 1773, 1774. and 1775, during which period he spent days at a time in Newgate, "more prisoners died from dysentery and other diseases in this one prison thin were put to death at the public executions in Great Bri- taiin. A cruel custom." he continues, "obtains in most of the jiils, “hivh is that of the (llll prisoners denr-nd- Log of the new comers, garnish. funi- ing or, as it-is called in some London jiils, "chtirnmage.’ 'Pay or strip,’ are the fatal words. Fatal because men arrivals must either contribute all their ready money toward a carousal. or give up their scanty clothing, of the better part of which they are generally robbed by the jailer, to be pawned. Being thus unable to pur- chase a clean bed for themselves they are obliged b0 'ohum in‘ with some jiilbirid, from whom they contract diseases which often prove fatal." HUDDLICD i'OGI‘ITHEit LIKE SHEEP The of English prisons see-m to have htil nothing in their plin but the single idea of keeping prisoners in safe custody. The rooms and cells were so cl ise and stifling as to be constant sources of disease ard, \vlw bull lore and infection. All sexes and ages were huddled together indiscrimin- atcly. “In three or four rooms," says the authority quoted above, "150 men, women and children were crowded to- gether," on his first visit to New- gate, in 1773. “Many young crea- tures ate and slept with the old and burdened, some of whom had been Con-fined upward of two years. There were many boys of from 10 to 14 years of age, some almost nakeizl. This was inthe debtoirs' prison. 'l‘o accommoâ€" date this seven score of people there were only seven be'dsteads, and :20 of the unfortunatcs Those who coull not be crowded into the miserable pallets provided lay on the floor on filthy rugs. Many were suf- fering from skin and blood diseases, and wane covered with ulcers and sores. Their touch and breath was infection and death, yet the young, pure and healthy, often the innOcent, were sick. whose only offense hid been inability ‘ to meet some debt, incurred as often as not during sickness, were crowded in bare to- ltnguish and die, helpless, hopeless, the pitiable victims of a practice the mist senseless and bar- baric a great Christian nation ever displ-iyed.” \Vuinen p:isoncrs for debt often iii- (‘ittlc-d ladies of rank and refinenn-nt. were crowled in with the victims of lust anzl pro- pitss their lilo->8 sh imeless fligncy, and obliged to time in immediate contact~with them. \thn the prisoners liy down at night they were obligcl to follow the inâ€" gt‘lli us mile of sleeping invented by Yankee slive traders, so narrow and limited were the quirters. This conâ€" si-Lcid i.Li lying “head to shoulder," as it was CJll'J'l. Iii Ull):‘1‘ words, you to your bail to yours. as oi'nmleil .is UlJJ‘.’ “by liy 'i\'i.h his pii“.‘l',l-‘, :iiil to have room put your ht'vld light up to his >hluliit’l', lli‘ do- in; the. same by you. l'he legs of the piisouers anl by this neat (luvicc four rows of propit- ln.y in a room only 14 feet wide. ilk-y tested at hairs and stretch, so cramped was the lh-sllltau. l:‘or it: yours Newgate was so crowded 1h it Ih'Ls mode of sleeping was U.\Eni in all th: wards, and s1 great was the number of prisoners during one of his visits [hit each slwper was only allowed a breadth of 18 inches to his length. Lying in the fetid, slimy floors, overrun with vermin, the ventilition so poor that those suffering from asthmaic afflictions often (lied gasping for breath. many contracted diseases from which they never recovered even when released, and in some cases went mad with the horror of it. DICKENS AND OLD BAILEY. Old Bailey will always be familiar intervals of smâ€" to those who have read Dickens. es- pecially the lovers of "Barniby Budge,” “Lilli; D.»i‘i‘it," “Great l‘lx- pectations“ and “Oliver Twist." The great novelist mad... a study of ling- li.sh prison life, LLS h: did of English :chouls. "Nirholas Nicki-lby” awokt‘ the. English public to the hlhl'l'tH‘S of their common schools system; "Little Dorrit" raised such a storm of in- dignation that prison classification, the greatest need of the time, was soon introduced. As Squeers disap- peared before the stinging pen of Dickens, so Dennis, the hmgmanmnd ()lil Bailey but: ime things of the lust, and toâ€"day Nmrgate is a model pri- son. The. ul l building, now to be de- mi llm'bt‘ltl, wis- mule as c'timfortable and healthful as the limited space woull permit. and the‘ new edifice about to be erected will be one of the finest in the world. But to John Howard, more than to any other, the amelioration of the evil conditions of English prison life is chiefly due. Howard was born in 1820. the. so-n of a Baptist divine. He inliori‘ied a considerable fortune. He slpiunt his youth in studying medicine and traveling. Settling in Bedford- shire in 1758, he began to engage his time and money in philanthropic en- tf’llvp’l‘i.“‘(‘ts. His Sf'llOtllSlluUl model cot- tages for the peasantry soon made him conspicuous, and in 1773 he was elv-cieul Sheriff. On visiting the vari- ous jails of his shire, he was struck with the intnlvrable conditions un- (le-r which prisoners lived. He found his life. work at once, and setting out the latter part of the same year visited all the larger jails in the kingâ€" dom. In 1771 he presented a report to the House of Commons, and, as a result, two reform bills were passed. He. then went to Europe, and, visit- ing France, Holland and Germany, examined their prisons and made a detailed report on his return. As a result of his energetic efforts dur- ing the next 10 years much was done to- render the conditions of the prisâ€" oners more bearable, and, although when he died in 1790 much. remained to- be done, he alone must be credited were simii irly interlicezl, . {hit-e i I , 'In the autumn when the frat ripens, for having set the reform on foot. ._._*_ GARDENING IN CHINA. Milly Trees Arc (tulllvzileil Wlllell An l'nknown In other Lands. Queer people the Chinese. If print for profitable gardening Were compet- ed for by nations, the Mongolianl would have a very fair chance of be- ing successful competitors. The Chi- nese do not confine themselves to cul- ‘tivation on dry land only; they also cultivate the lottom of the waters, and in the beds of shallow lakes, ponds and brooks produce fruits unknown to other people. The water chestnut. the fruit of which is Enclosed. in a {case formed by its root, is one 0'! the most noteworthy of. these pro« ldlucts and is grown up in large quan-' 1tities. It is very wholesome and of 1a delicate flavour, and is gathered by women, who tuck up their wide trous- ers, and wade alroye their knee-s into the ponds, where they grope for the ‘chestnuts with their hands. As soon as her basket is flutl, the gatherer repairs to the nearest town or vil- lage, which she peramiiulates, crying her water chestnuts. These esculents are much appreciated, and meet a ready sale. They are prepared for food by removing the rind and boiling ltlie bull). ' A great tariety of trees, some of which are little known out of China, are to be folnrnd in the orchards. In iaddition to the pear-h, apricot, cus- t'iirlâ€"ipiil i, roi~i--upple. pin/ezipple.pea1' ipluivn, date, cocoa, plantain, banana, citron, lemon, persimmon, orange, 'quince, guava, olive, pomegranate, and vineâ€"the last mentioned being-grown in many varietiesâ€"there are the liâ€" _ Lchi, the fruit of which is of the size neighbor, ‘ .oi‘ a strawberry, the stone being in suit. stirctilent pulp of a very deli- cious flavor; the lungngan, or dra- giuii‘s eye; the wamrpee, whose fruit, in unit the size of a pigeon’s egg, is li’Lill] câ€"tei-med, and Iht' carambolo. Of these fruits the carambo is, per- haps, gathered in greatest abundance. the orchards are in a state of per- petual clangor, from the beating of grings by buys hired for the purpose, and without whom the birds would consume more than half the fruit. _.,_._..___. - ALW'AYC B ELI EVED. People arr; growing more incredu- lous each year, remarked the man who disbelieves in human nature. I don’t think so,” answered the. op- tim-ist. I have noticed lhrit whenever the thermometer goes alova N5, you can tell evaryixidy it’s the hzitlesl Jay ever known and he won‘t doubt you for a second.