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The resemblance betWeen what Nature did to San Francisco in the earthquake, and the destructive forces that man has made to loose from the air on cities, is completed by high explosive. In San Francisco the earth shook and cracked. People were killed under crashing buildings. Wa- ter and gas mains were broken. Elec- trical connections on which cities are now so dependent Would be broken by shocks of this kind too. Fires started all over the city. The gen- eral disorganization led to an epiâ€" demic of disease. High explosive dropped from planes a ton per bomb. has blasting power sufficient to d85t1'0y| individual build- ings and to rip impassible holes in streets. However these bombs would not cause a very large number of casualties directly. The casualty list of Madrid is comparatively small in spite of frequent bombing. High ex- plosive would achieve its greatest devastation by destroying the ser- vices on the day-to-day regularity of which 'people crowded in cities de- pend for health and even life. In a planned war, explosive bombs from the air would be aimed at power sta- tions, railway; stations, bridges, wat- er supply (reservoirs, pumps and mains), food warehouses, government offices, even at hospitals deliberately so as to cOmplete the chaos. If these objectives were reached, another war would indeed bring chaosâ€"earth- quake, fire, plague, famineâ€"and the survivors crudely fighting one an- other as they looted for food, or crowding the roads and carrying their diseases’from the city to the countryside as refugees. er supply (reservoirs, pumps and mains), food warehouses, government offices, even at hospitals deliberately~ so as to c0mplete the chaos. If these objectives were reached, another war would indeed bring chaosâ€"earthâ€" quake, fire, plague, famineâ€"and the survivors crudely fighting one an- other as they looted for food, or' crowding the roads and carrying their diseases'from the city to the countryside as refugees. To these evils add still anotherâ€" gasâ€"which has no parallel in Nature but which man has conceived and brought to a terrible efficiency. Mus~ tard‘ gas is now the standard type. Other earlier gases attacked the throat and lungs, choking the victim, or attacking his eyes. But mustard gas does its work by blistering the skin. The United States’ Lewisite poisons the blisters. It works at any exposed point, so that face masks are no protection. Furthermore mustard penetrates ordinary clothing so only special complete suits provide pro~ tection. For full effectiveness, gas needs to be concentrated, so the Weaâ€" pom is used from the air not hap- hazardly but like high explosive to cause disorganization. Gas bOmbs can block roads, railway and street- car junctions, can ‘keep unprotected firemen away from fires and can The air bombers cannot kill more than a few thousand of the mast innocent peaceable people in one raid. What they can do is deliver a ter- rific shock to a nation, such a shock as might even cause surrender. Ger- many has an Air Force which is one of the biggest parts of its defences. Control of this is centralized very efficiently: in a wonderful new Air Ministry Building of 2,000 rooms in Berlin. The present Minister of War, General Goering, has his office there. If that single building were destroy- ed in an air raid, Germany might conceivably have to surrender, «be- cause the scattered air baSes would get no weather reports, no secret service reports on enemy defences, no radio signals about approaching enemy attackers, not even any orders as to how to co-operate with other German forces. Without its “brain” the German air force could not con- tinue to fight. The shock that some nations are able to give to their enemies today is so great that besides causing sur- render it might release savage revo- lutionary forces which would change the world much more than the ag- gressors intended. The Russians, great believers in revolution, have in their armory for the next war weapons for invasion of other coun- Fire would strike the great cities of the world along with disease in another war. Incendiary bombs have "been made of thermite, the great hoot-producing chemical. They: are ,so powerful they will burn through a solid inch nf steel. They cannot be quenched by water. Each one landed in the buildings of a crowded part of a cit)r means a three-alarm fire. A squadron of raiding planes should be able to start a dozen fires in different parts of a city. This would! be enough to disorganize the best fire department, especially if al- so the water-mains were broken. THURSDAY, DECEMBER 30th, 1937 The flu! Grim and recurrent reâ€"| minder of the War. The epidemic of‘’ flu that followed the War is reckfi oned to have killed more people thani dried fighting during the War itself.i Military scientists took this as a‘ lesson, a challenge. They have studâ€" ied the possibilities of deliberately in- ducing epidemics, using germs to fight in another war. Wickham Steed, former editor of the ‘London Times’, quotes from copies he has obtained of reports on secret experiments with i bacteria made right in London and, Paris by a foreigm power. These‘ tests concerned germs dropped from planes flying high over Leicester; Square and Picadillyl Circus in the; One case and the Place -de la Con- corde in the other, the germs beingi drawn with the ventilating air into the Underground railway stations to? infect the throngs that paSS through‘ them. The test germs were harm-i less to people, of course, but the tests proved that malignant germs handled in the same way would serve their purpose as a dreadful weapon of a future war. ‘umo‘o-ommo p d: t( t1 b b t] 8' cf (l b t: a t( ti 5" These weapons of the next war are Khorrible. But 'Captain Liddell Hart, outstanding British military writer, states the obvious truth this way: “If the peoples of the world are to save themselves, they must see for themselves the real factors in modern war.” Epidemics of typhoid have prac- tically ceased in civilized countries in peace time owing to the development of great systems of reservoirs for the supply of water controlled for purity. The reservoirs for the great cities 6f England are like lakes. Broad and open to the sky, they are beautiful features of the landscape; they! could not be missed by hostile airmen dropping packages of typhoid culture so as to strike the peOple of England when they innocently turn a tap for a thirsty child. WEAPONS OF THE NEXT WAR All “1856 weapons for (leliVerini-Tlland with parachutes from large cabâ€" death from above of course have to in planes. The plan is obviously to be carried into range above their send troops to aid revolutionary out- itarget. But the flying range of the I breaks behind an enenryl’s lmes. , airplane has been tremendously ex- The problem of defence against the ‘tended. The exact mileage possibili-inew weapons of shock attack is un- ties vary according to the load Of‘like and more difficult than the de- 'bombs a plane is made to carry, and'fc‘n'ce problems of any previous war. the speedi itl must fly at to get There was war in the air. planes lthrough safely. They depend also on fighting planes, in the Great war, lwhether or not‘ the genel‘alsl Want 1 but this is war from the air, and the their men and planes back badly. en- i attack can be spread over entirely fough to make their flying range cov- l new distances. . ,er a return trip. A United StateS’l Anti-aircraft weapons of sorts have lseaplane has made a non-Stop flight ' been invented. Anti-aircraft guns, of 3,300 miles, which is about the'Which are effective to 10,000 foot distance from the Great War raiding heights in the day and 5,000 feet in base, Zeebruggei to Halifax, Nova the dark, are organized in batteries Scotia. Other nations will have planes as good. Great Britain has high-speed long-range bombers which can carry a four ton load. Two hun- dred miles per hour is rapidly beâ€" coming the minimum speed for the planes in service of all nations, «bomb- iers as well as pursuit planes, alâ€" “though speed is not so important and ‘ loads may be heavier for night bombâ€" ing raids than for daylight work. Germany’s Zepfielins have crossed the North and South Atlantic with ease, ion regular schedules, and their fly~ ing range is so great, it has never ‘be‘en tested to the limit. This ad- vantage is offset, however by their comparative slowness and their bulk vofferinig too good a target for antiâ€" iaircraft guns. It is notl entirely ‘practical for long distances yet, butl 'the British have a bombing plane, ithe ’Queen Bee’, which can be flown fby radio. | The foregoing weapons of the next ‘war, so nightmarish that people of- lten pretend they do not exist, are ‘yet not so wild and inhuman as the lintention that has developed them. Their aim is to destroy the peace- 1ife of peoples, not as with previou' )veapons and wars. their fi'rlfi'r- forces. In fact. it is nart of tactics iin the use of these weapons to avoid 'lcontact with opposing fighters, to lget secretly past them and strike {at the peaceâ€"life behindâ€"the orderly ‘going of children to school, women to market, men to factories and off- . ices. 'sothat their fire can cover considerâ€" able areas. They are now given their irange by automatic machinery which finds the height of approaching planes and calculates their speed so as to work out accurately the posiâ€" tion they will be in by the time the shrapnel gets that high in the air. Sound detectors can locate enemy planes before they come in sight. Searchlights for showing up night raiders are much improved. Most of the batteries of anti-aircraft guns are mobile, some light guns being mounted on old-style two-wheel auto trailers so they can be speeded to attacked points. Marconi invented ian electric ray to stop planes by cut- ‘ting off the ignition of their engines. But this has already been simply counteracted .by easing the magnetos in lead. Fighting planes with planes was successful and the most spectacular ’part of flying in the Great War. Pur- suit planes shot down or drove back the much slower observation and bombing planes of that period. De- fence against modei‘n air-raids in the air‘is more difficult. Big bombers nearl-fi as fast as the fastest small fighter planes are now built. Two ‘ hundred miles per hour is Very nearly the minimum for bombers, whereas the Thompson Trophy. raced for by the latest designs of plane, was won in 1936 by a French military pursuit type at 264 miles per hour. A marâ€" gin of only 25% greater speed dOes not give planes for defence any de- peace-occupied people at home can probably be overwhelmed. Whole naâ€" tions or even whole cities will not be, wiped out in a- few hours by gas and I high explosive, as is sometimes said:_! there is not enough gas made to cover thickly, such large areas. But war from the air on peoples insteadl of on armies, can and Will be carried‘ on in the next war by disorganizing attacks doing most harm through. their after-effects. The air-raids: will kill the country’s leadership andl interrupt its communications with the purpose of destroying its'morale and causing chaos and total defeat. The air bombers, the biggest fleets of them in the world, cannot defeat armies. which offer too small, mobilel and dangerous 2. target. The most vulnerable part of an! army is its supply service, the trains with their necessary tracks and bridges. the trucks with their vneceSSarv roads that bring food and ammunition. The_ most efficient modern armies are well-organized small forces. prevent the repair of power stations damaged by explosives. Streets have to be hosed down with water to clear them of mustard gas. But explosive bombs to break water mains and gas bombs to keep mem from repairing them, can be dropped together, thus greatly prolonging the agony} of a city under air attack. These tactics have been planned because armies, wellâ€"equipped, alert to defend themselves, have a fair chance to‘withstahd evem the newest destructive devices, whereas the By Howe Martyn Fighting planes with planes was successful and the most spectacular part of flying in the Great War. Pur- suit planes shot down or drove back the much slower observation and bombing planes of that period. De- fence against modern air-raids in the airis more difficult. Big bombers nearl-fi as fast as the fastest small fighter planes are now built. Two ; hundred miles per hour is Very nearly ‘the minimum for bombers, whereas the Thompson Trophy. raced for by the latest designs of plane, was won! in 1936 by a French military pursuit type at 264 miles per hour. A marâ€" gin of only 25% greater speed dOes not give planes for defence any de- ‘cided advantage. Fighter planes of the Great War had an advantage in gunfire which also they1 have now lost. Modern! bombers have auto- matic guns and mountings protecting them from all angles. Coming up under the tail of a plane was a fav- iorite manOeuvre against the old iclumsy observation plane which icould shoot only forward and back and up. This play is now as d‘a‘nlg'er- nus as a meeting head on. The Unit- ed States has a plane nick-named the air battleship because of the amount of equipment it carries. It includes .enns big enough to fire real explos- Iive shells as well as the bullets of | machine-guns. All available defences against air- raids were tested int the London Ex- ercises (British) in 1931. That would not be a test of today’s conditions, but it is a good indication because improvements in bombers have been at least as great in the interval as improvements in defence. The judg- ment of the ‘London Times’ was that the defence did not succeed in inter- cepting a sufficient preportion of the . raiding bombers to make the attack a failure. The best defence is attack! This proverb applied to war with the wea- pons of today calls for counter-at- tack, not on the enemy’s raiding fighters but on the peace-life they have left at home. This strategy contemplates opposing air armadas passing each other on their way to destroy! respective capital cities â€"â€" passing_withouit engaging, perhaps exchanging a sardonic salute! In this utterly destructive kind of war, the nation that in its peace-life is less vulnerable to destruction from the air is likely to win. Passive defence is not a good name .‘in itself, but it serves to contrast defence measures designed to de- crease vulnerabilityi of peaceâ€"life, from defence iby anti-aircraft guns, fighter planes and counter-bombing attack. One weapon of passive defence is food stored in dispersed" warehouses where it will be safe frOm destruc- tion in raids on a country’s metroâ€" polis and on its transportation, and will be available in war to keep the people fed and strong. Another weaâ€" pon is a duplication of essential ser- vices (light, power, water. transport, fire-fighting, radio, first-aid, etc.). This provides a “second line" on which a city can keep alive, organized and free from panic even though the regular services are destroyed. A simple obvious example is a supply tries by air. They haw planes with rows of coff fastened to the Wings er. to carry two dozen men glider “trailers” that can be un- coupled from the towing planes and can glide down safely with a large landing party of men. They have squads of men: trained to jump and land with parachutes from large cab- in planes. The plan is obviously to send troops to aid revolutionary out- breaks behind an enemyl’s li’nes. The problem of defence against the new weapons of shock attack is unâ€" like and: more difficult than the de- fence problems of any previous war. There was war in the air, planes fighting planes, in the Great War, but this is war from the air, and the attack can be spread over entirely new distances. , Anti-aircraft weapons of sorts have been invented. Antiâ€"aircraft guns, which are effective to 110,000 foot heights in: the day and 5,000 feet in the dark, are organized in batteries so.thatt their fire can cover consider- able areas. They are now given their range by automatic machinery which finds the height of approaching planes and calculates their speed so as to work out accurately the posi- tion they will be in by the time the shrapnel gets that high in the air. Sound detectors can! locate enemy planes before they come in sight. Searchlights for showing up night raiders are much improved. Most of the batteries of anti-aircraft guns are mobile, some light guns being mounted on old-style two-wheel auto trailers so they can be speeded to attacked points. Marconi invented THE LIBERAL, RICHMOND HILL, ONTARIO 'fi abling them They have 1i eater )oxes of candles availa] Could 31011 get 1 through a night c electric power st through a night of emergency if the electric power station were to be blown up? You m‘ay have candles in the house but could you find them im the dark? Have yOu gauze and antiseptics so that you could do sim- ple first-aid if you daren’t go out to the drug-store? Bombâ€"proof and gasâ€"proof rooms and gas masks have taken the pub? lic fancy more than simple matters of light and food, heat and hygiene, as passive defence measures. This is probably very unfortunate. As al- ready seen, the danger is much less of being hit by bomb or poisoned by: gas than of dying sick, hungry, cold, neglected in a panic. Deep, under- ground shelters arched with steel and concrete are being established in Eu- ropean capitals. They require elab- orate ventilation arrangements to: keep even a few people supplied with! vital air. A crowd would make them more lethal than a bullet-sprayed street‘. A series of doors and chamy hers is necessary to keep out gas. Someone in the excitement of a raid would be sure to forget to close the door. Gas masks have similar weak-i nesses. To be safe, they need to be good, and that means expensive. The masks the British Government is pro- ducing by the million are. worth only two shillings each: they are good for only fifteen minutes in a high con- centration of gas. For protection a- gainst mustard gas, in any case, only a complete suit will do. The best weapon of defence for ordinary peo- ple is alert common sense which will keep them quiet and off the streets and away from downtown centres, will make them boil their water be- ‘fore they drink it and tend' their wounds carefuIIyL will make them lwait for the “all-clear” signal from the authorities. Public officers, po- licemen, firemen, should be equipped with complete gas protection, and they should rush the “clean-up” work, for instance touring the streets with the new streetâ€"washer developed in England with an air-spray attach- ment which will enable them to wash down gas. Morale, then, is most important in decreasing the vulnerability of the peace-life of a nation to the shock attack tactics planned by the mi1i~ tarists for the next war. The Brit~ ish expert, Captain Liddell Hart, dis- cussing “the pteparedness of the people” as a weapon: of the first im~ portance, says: “A sturdy individual- ism based on a regime of reason and freedom may Withstand the shocks better than the emotionalism bred by GARFIELD YEREX, I every to carry you the Mr. Wm. J. Rolley, well known farmer of South Adjala towns-hip has a valuable Ayrshire cow which gave birth to twin calves this year and llast year. ‘ mas Deal what to do, people in the g( of all nations fighting in war will .be thrown on théi sources probably in the fir: war. Their individual re: ness will decide whether or can reorganize to continue and prevent defeat and col] A Creemore man advertised for a housekeeper and through correspond- ence engaged a woman from Toron- to. She arrived one day at noon, was of goori appearance and seemed very satisfactory. When evening came, she asked the man of the house where ‘the beer parlor was located in town. “There’s no such thin here. Cree- g more’s dry,” was the answer. “0h, is that so,” said the lady. “I won‘t stay in any such desert.” She re-packed her trunk and board ed the next train for‘the city. wspape N0 CITY “CONVENIENCES” From the Chesley Enterprise HARRY R. ROSE New Latest-Type Ali-Wave 40 Yonge St., Richmond Hill Telephone 133 Office Hoursâ€"Every Monday and Thursday Afternoon and by appointment Toronto Offices: 1'00 Adelaide Street West Foreign Stations Police Calls New Edge-Lighted Glass Dial Foreign Countries Listed on Dial at Place to Tune Them In. 8-Tube Perfor- mance 3.1'1 ROSE & HERMAN Exchange Yo ur Old Radio! Special Christmas Allowance If You Barristers-A t-Law BUY NOW! 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